Perinatal biomarkers implying 'Developmental Origins of Health and Disease' consequences in intrauterine growth restriction.

The intrauterine-growth-restricted (IUGR) state, particularly the asymmetric one, has been associated with 'Developmental Origins of Health and Disease' (DOHaD) consequences later in life. Several environmental factors, acting during the phase of foetal developmental plasticity interact with genotypic variation, 'programme' tissue function and change the capacity of the organism to cope with its environment. They may be responsible for chronic illness risk in adulthood. Detection of possible future DOHaD consequences at a very early age, by applying relevant biomarkers, is of utmost importance. This review focuses on biomarkers possibly predicting consequences from bone, psychoneural system and lung. Although no concrete biomarker has been identified for bone disorders in adulthood, reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations in cord blood and BDNF DNA methylation might predict schizophrenia and possibly depression, bipolar disorder and autism. High surfactant protein D (SP-D) concentrations in cord blood of IUGR foetuses/neonates could point to structural lung immaturity, resulting to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adult life.