The Mental States of Aggressors: A Biopsychosocial Analysis of Workplace Violence Reports in Hospitals.

BACKGROUND

Workplace violence (WPV) in hospitals worldwide has been on the rise for the last decade, marked by increased verbal and physical aggression. From a biopsychosocial perspective, we conceptualize aggressors' mental states as their control (or lack of) of an impulse across their life course. To contribute to violence prevention, our study synthesizes theoretical assumptions and organizational analysis.

METHODS

An exploratory sequential mixed-methods design analyzed 2634 WPV narratives from two hospitals in a large city in the Northeastern United States of America (2019-2023). Narratives were coded for "involuntary mental states" (e.g., dementia, delirium, lack of inhibition) and "unremorseful attitudes" (denial, minimization, justification without medical causation). Quantitative analysis identified patterns within these categories, types of violence, and safety responses.

RESULTS

WPV incidents increased by 212.4% from 2020 to 2021 and did not decrease in incidence in subsequent years. Patient/visitor workplace violence (Type 2) accounted for 93%. Physical violence was most prevalent (76%), followed by verbal (48%) and sexual (6%). "Involuntary mental states" comprised 28% of narratives, while "unremorseful attitudes" represented 29%. Workers often showed compassion, omitting emotional details for involuntary aggression, but reported significant distress from unremorseful acts.

CONCLUSION

Our novel middle-range theory and mixed-methods approach reveal the complexity of WPV beyond simple dichotomies. Differentiating between involuntary and unremorseful aggression provides actionable insights for tailoring prevention strategies, de-escalation training, and aftermath support. Integrating mental health professionals and addressing the profound impact of remorseless acts is crucial for worker morale and retention.