Vitamin B-related Gene Polymorphisms and Cardiovascular Disease.

Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, even in early childhood. A mutation in genes that code homocysteine metabolism enzymes or deficiency of specific vitamin cofactors may cause hyperhomocysteinemia. Vitamin B complex has been correlated with serum homocysteine levels. Any abnormality in its metabolism or nutritional deficiency may lead to hyperhomocysteinemia. Both vitamin B complex and homocysteine levels are partly genetically determined. Specifically, the most studied polymorphism is 677T-C in exon 5 of the 5,10- methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene, which plays an important role in folate's metabolism. This polymorphism has been shown to be correlated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1-like (MTHFD1L) gene have also been correlated with increased risk for coronary artery disease. Other common serious polymorphisms regard the area with high linkage disequilibrium, including the neuroblastoma breakpoint family, NBPF3 gene, and ~ 12-50 kb upstream of the tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase gene. Finally, the polymorphisms which have been mostly associated with vitamin B12 concentration are the rs11254363 polymorphism at intron 52 of the intrinsic factor vitamin B12 receptor of the CUBN and the rs526934 polymorphism at intron 8 of transcobalamin I. To sum up, several polymorphisms have already been associated with vitamin B complexes and therefore homocysteine level, highlighting the complex nature of vitamin B genetics.