[Urinary tract infections including pyelonephritis].

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections. The clinical phenotypes of UTIs are heterogeneous, ranging from rather benign uncomplicated infections to complicated UTIs and pyelonephritis to severe urosepsis. There has been a sharp increase in the incidence of severe UTIs, whilst the incidence of sepsis in general is declining. The classifications of UTIs partially differ between clinical and regulatory claims. Experience has also been gained over the last few years to define the appropriate endpoints that are used in clinical studies. Above all, patient-centered evaluation strategies of the endpoints were developed, in order to be able to identify the advantages of new antibiotics compared to traditional antibiotics. The development of new antibiotics for UTIs is essential, since multidrug-resistant enterobacteria, which belong to the typical bacterial spectrum of UTIs, are frequently associated with mortality from infections. In recent years, several new antibiotics/combinations that are particularly effective against multi-resistant gram-negative pathogens have been investigated for the treatment of UTIs.