Pancreas rejection: quieting the storm to preserve graft function.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Allograft rejection remains enigmatic and elusive following pancreas transplantation. In the absence of early technical pancreas graft failure, pancreas allograft rejection is the major cause of death-censored pancreas graft loss both short- and long-term. Despite this circumstance, there are variations in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreas rejection. In this article, we summarize recent literature, review common practices, and discuss various management algorithms.

RECENT FINDINGS: Although pancreas allograft biopsy is the gold standard for the diagnosis of rejection, not all transplant centers have the capability to perform pancreas allograft biopsy. Some centers depend on clinical or laboratory parameters exclusively or rely on dysfunction or biopsy of a simultaneous kidney allograft as a marker for pancreas allograft rejection. New biomarkers are evolving to assess the risk for rejection and may help to diagnose early rejection. In the future, the use of machine learning algorithms and artificial intelligence may play a role identifying patients at risk and detecting pancreas rejection without performing a pancreas allograft biopsy.

SUMMARY: Despite decades of experience in pancreas transplantation, the diagnosis and management of pancreas rejection remains challenging. Emerging biomarkers and machine learning algorithms are needed to mitigate immunological complications and guide immunosuppression in these patients.