Frontiers in physiology · 2026
Real-time thermoregulatory and cardiovascular monitoring of non-acclimatised mountaineers in extreme cold: a 10-day field expedition study.
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Muniz-Pardos Borja, Verdoukas Panagiotis, Comadran de Barnola Elena, Chan-Twist Yiu Chung Issac, Al Tunaiji Hashel, Pitsiladis Yannis
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: The primary aim of this study was to characterise the thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses of non-acclimatised mountaineers during different exercise modalities and camping conditions in extreme cold. A secondary aim was to assess the feasibility of real-time transmission of physiological data to enhance safety during cold expeditions.
METHODS: This study assessed thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses of 18 non-acclimatised mountaineers from the United Arab Emirates during a 10-day winter expedition in Skeikampen, Norway. Participants performed daily cross-country skiing or snowshoe walking (∼5-6 h/day) and experienced two camping conditions (quinzhee and tent). Core temperature (Tc) was measured via ingestible telemetric pills, and heart rate (HR) via chest straps. Data were transmitted in real-time using a wearable ecosystem comprising Bluetooth gateways and eSIM-enabled smartwatches.
RESULTS: Cross-country skiing elicited significantly higher mean Tc (+0.20 °C, p < 0.01) and HR (+12.8 bpm, p < 0.01) than snowshoe walking. Peak Tc during quinzhee camping was significantly higher than during tent camping (+0.55 °C, p = 0.03), suggesting superior insulation. No cases of hypothermia were recorded. Real-time data transmission enabled continuous remote monitoring, with actionable alerts triggered when Tc dropped below safety thresholds.
CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the feasibility of real-time physiological monitoring in extreme cold, offering practical insight into activity-specific thermoregulatory strain. The findings underscore the importance of shelter design, physical activity selection, and wearable monitoring to enhance safety and decision-making in cold environments.
METHODS: This study assessed thermoregulatory and cardiovascular responses of 18 non-acclimatised mountaineers from the United Arab Emirates during a 10-day winter expedition in Skeikampen, Norway. Participants performed daily cross-country skiing or snowshoe walking (∼5-6 h/day) and experienced two camping conditions (quinzhee and tent). Core temperature (Tc) was measured via ingestible telemetric pills, and heart rate (HR) via chest straps. Data were transmitted in real-time using a wearable ecosystem comprising Bluetooth gateways and eSIM-enabled smartwatches.
RESULTS: Cross-country skiing elicited significantly higher mean Tc (+0.20 °C, p < 0.01) and HR (+12.8 bpm, p < 0.01) than snowshoe walking. Peak Tc during quinzhee camping was significantly higher than during tent camping (+0.55 °C, p = 0.03), suggesting superior insulation. No cases of hypothermia were recorded. Real-time data transmission enabled continuous remote monitoring, with actionable alerts triggered when Tc dropped below safety thresholds.
CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the feasibility of real-time physiological monitoring in extreme cold, offering practical insight into activity-specific thermoregulatory strain. The findings underscore the importance of shelter design, physical activity selection, and wearable monitoring to enhance safety and decision-making in cold environments.