Molecular mechanisms of andrographolide-induced kidney injury and senescence via SIRT3 inhibition.

Andrographolide, a diterpene compound derived from the medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata, possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and antiviral properties. Injectable formulations containing andrographolide, such as Potassium Sodium Dehydroandrographolide Succinate for Injection (PSDS), are widely used in clinical practice to treat various diseases, including upper respiratory tract infections. However, clinical reports have highlighted that andrographolide-based herbal injections may induce acute kidney injury and other renal adverse effects, thereby restricting its clinical application. Despite these concerns, the molecular mechanisms underlying andrographolide-induced nephrotoxicity remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that andrographolide induces inflammation and fibrosis in renal tubular epithelial cells and mouse kidneys. Notably, we identified for the first time that andrographolide promotes cellular senescence in renal tubular epithelial cells and mouse kidneys while downregulating the expression and enzymatic activity of SIRT3. Mechanistic investigations revealed that andrographolide mediates kidney injury and senescence through inhibition of the SIRT3/p53 signaling pathway. Furthermore, andrographolide was found to disrupt the interaction between SIRT3 and p53, resulting in increased acetylation of p53 and upregulation of its downstream target genes involved in inflammation, fibrosis, and senescence. These findings elucidate the molecular mechanisms of andrographolide-induced nephrotoxicity and provide a scientific basis for developing strategies to reduce its toxic effects.