Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening · 2026
Effects of Limb Remote Ischemic Conditioning and Asafoetida on Biochemical, Histological, and Neurological Parameters and Metabolic Gene Expression in Diabetic Rats.
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Bagheri Seyyed Majid, Hakimizadeh Elham, Allahtavakoli Mohammad
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus is a global metabolic disorder driven by insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida) exhibits antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties with potential hypoglycemic effects. Limb remote ischemic conditioning (LRIC) activates protective pathways, yet its antidiabetic efficacy remains uncertain.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Type 2 diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats (n=40) via a 60% high-fat diet (4 weeks) and streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.p.). Diabetic rats (>200 mg/dL glucose) were randomized (n=8): standard control, diabetic control, asafoetida (50 mg/kg/day, oral), LRIC (3×5-min hindlimb cycles daily), asafoetida + LRIC. After 8 weeks, glucose, lipids, liver enzymes, HbA1c, weight, intake, histology (liver/pancreas), muscle gene expression (adiponectin, GLUT4, insulin receptor, AMPK; RT-PCR), neuropathy (hot-plate), and memory (shuttle box) were assessed.
RESULTS: Asafoetida and asafoetida + LRIC reduced glucose levels (-49%, -41%), lipids, liver enzymes, and HbA1c intake; increased weight and HDL (p < 0.05 vs. diabetic). LRIC alone showed no effect. Histology improved (less congestion, necrosis); gene expression upregulated (p<0.05). Pain latency and memory (step latency, light time) were enhanced in the asafoetida groups (p < 0.05), not in the LRIC.
DISCUSSION: Asafoetida improved metabolic, histological, and neurological outcomes via insulin signaling. LRIC failed, contradicting protective claims. Limitations include a single asafoetida dose without titration, brief LRIC cycles that may be inadequate in hyperglycemia, the absence of mechanistic probes, a male-only cohort, and the lack of long-term safety or human relevance. Future dose-ranging, sex-inclusive, mediator-focused, chronic studies needed.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, asafoetida improved glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and diabetes- related tissue damage while also enhancing neurological function in diabetic rats. In contrast, LRIC showed no significant protective effects. These findings suggest that asafoetida may be a promising candidate for the management of type 2 diabetes and its associated complications.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Type 2 diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats (n=40) via a 60% high-fat diet (4 weeks) and streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i.p.). Diabetic rats (>200 mg/dL glucose) were randomized (n=8): standard control, diabetic control, asafoetida (50 mg/kg/day, oral), LRIC (3×5-min hindlimb cycles daily), asafoetida + LRIC. After 8 weeks, glucose, lipids, liver enzymes, HbA1c, weight, intake, histology (liver/pancreas), muscle gene expression (adiponectin, GLUT4, insulin receptor, AMPK; RT-PCR), neuropathy (hot-plate), and memory (shuttle box) were assessed.
RESULTS: Asafoetida and asafoetida + LRIC reduced glucose levels (-49%, -41%), lipids, liver enzymes, and HbA1c intake; increased weight and HDL (p < 0.05 vs. diabetic). LRIC alone showed no effect. Histology improved (less congestion, necrosis); gene expression upregulated (p<0.05). Pain latency and memory (step latency, light time) were enhanced in the asafoetida groups (p < 0.05), not in the LRIC.
DISCUSSION: Asafoetida improved metabolic, histological, and neurological outcomes via insulin signaling. LRIC failed, contradicting protective claims. Limitations include a single asafoetida dose without titration, brief LRIC cycles that may be inadequate in hyperglycemia, the absence of mechanistic probes, a male-only cohort, and the lack of long-term safety or human relevance. Future dose-ranging, sex-inclusive, mediator-focused, chronic studies needed.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, asafoetida improved glycemic control, lipid metabolism, and diabetes- related tissue damage while also enhancing neurological function in diabetic rats. In contrast, LRIC showed no significant protective effects. These findings suggest that asafoetida may be a promising candidate for the management of type 2 diabetes and its associated complications.