Esophageal magnetic compression anastomosis for esophageal atresia repair: when not to use magnets-our experience.

BACKGROUND

Esophageal magnetic compression anastomosis (EMCA) represents an innovative minimally invasive approach for establishing esophageal continuity for patients with esophageal atresia, especially when comorbidities increase the risk of a thoracoscopic or open operation. Over the last 5 years, we have demonstrated favorable outcomes in our patients, but have also encountered cases in which EMCA was not successful. This report is an in-depth analysis of the failed EMCA attempts.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review of all patients who were scheduled for EMCA was performed. All patients who failed magnet placement and underwent conventional repair instead were identified and presented as case series. Patient characteristics, intra- and postoperative data, reasons for failure, and follow-up data were analyzed.

RESULTS

From 2021 through 2024, EMCA was attempted in a total of 15 patients by our team on an intention-to-treat basis under compassionate care ethics. Placement of the magnets failed in 3 patients (20%). Every case showed specific characteristics that prohibited magnet coupling. In case 1, metal clips that had been placed during a prior lengthening procedure precluded mating of the magnets. In case 2, an atretic lower pouch was present and therefore the magnet could not be advanced toward the proximal end of the distal pouch. In the third case, an atypical bronchus was interposed between the two esophageal pouches, resulting in distance and tissue between the upper and lower pouch.

CONCLUSION

EMCA is a minimally invasive approach for endoscopic esophageal anastomosis creation in complex cases of esophageal atresia, or patients with comorbidities that confer a very high surgical risk. Careful patient selection and preparation is crucial to maximize the chance of success. Based on our current experience and case series, we propose certain anatomic variants and pre-existing factors as contraindications for EMCA.