Probiotic cells-encapsulated electrospun scaffolds accelerate diabetic wound healingviasynergistic anti-infection activity and skin microbiome modulation.

Diabetic wound healing is often hindered by persistent pathogenic infections and associated skin microbiome dysbiosis. The efficacy of conventional antibiotic drugs is significantly compromised by increasing drug resistance and further disruption of commensal microbiota. In this study, a probiotic-loaded, dry-state electrospun scaffold, Gel@LRNF@PLA, is developed for dual-functional diabetic wound healing. By maintaining probiotic viability while enabling localized antibacterial and microbiome-regulatory effects, the dressing exhibits potent activity against both planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its biofilms. Moreover, it restores the balance of skin microbiota by suppressing opportunistic pathogens and enriching beneficial commensal bacteria, which synergistically promotes the healing of diabetic infected wounds. This approach not only offers a new structure for living cell-based wound dressings but also provides mechanistic insight into the therapeutic efficacy of living probiotics in treating diabetic wound infections.