Correlations of expression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes in triploid fish.

The expression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes, as well as their coordinated control, regulates cell proliferation, individual development, and disease in animals. However, the potential coregulation between nuclear and mitochondrial genes is unclear in triploid fishes. The two triploids (R2C and RC2) with distinct mitochondrial genomes but similar nuclear genomes exhibit different embryonic development times and growth rates. They are an excellent model for studying how nuclear and mitochondrial genes coordinate. Here, we performed the mRNA-seq of four stages of embryonic development (blastula, gastrula, segmentation, and hatching periods) in the two triploids (R2C and RC2) and their diploid inbred parents (red crucian carp and common carp). After establishing the four patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear gene expression, 270 nuclear genes regulated by mitochondrial genes were predicted. The expression levels of APC16 and Trim33 were higher in RC2 than in R2C, suggesting their potential effects on regulating embryonic development time. In addition, 308 differentially expressed genes filtered from the list of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes described by Mercer et al. in 2011 were considered potential genes for which nuclear genes regulate mitochondrial function. The findings might aid in our understanding of the correlation between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes as well as their synergistic effects on embryonic development.