Exosomal ncRNAs in seminal fluid: Unraveling their regulatory roles in male infertility.

By transmitting bioactive substances, including proteins, lipids, and a varied spectrum of non-coding RNAs, seminal exosomes-including epididymosomes and prostasomes-are shown to be crucial in sperm maturation, motility, and protection. The paper emphasizes how miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs within these exosomes affect gene expression during spermatogenesis and are starting to be interesting non-invasive biomarkers for several infertility abnormalities, including azoospermia and asthenozoospermia. It also addresses the therapeutic possibilities of exosome-based approaches in reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular damage in the male reproductive system. The paper identifies essential information gaps and suggests future research paths to clarify the molecular processes behind male infertility by combining knowledge from proteomic, lipidomic, and transcriptomic investigations. These results help to close the knowledge gap on seminal exosomes and open the door for creative therapeutic and diagnostic tools in reproductive medicine.