Positional dyspnea: A brief review.

Dyspnea is a common presenting symptom in clinical practice that has numerous causes. Beyond characterizing the time course and associated symptoms, the exacerbating and relieving factors of dyspnea including positional changes provide essential diagnostic clues. In this narrative review article, we describe the various forms of positional dyspnea including orthopnea, platypnea, trepopnea, and bendopnea, and provide a practical clinical approach to evaluation and management.