More efficient and precise toward application of tomato-derived lycopene: a state-of-the-art review into sources, chemistry, extraction methods, bioavailability, and uniting power in fatty liver disease.

Fatty liver disease (FLD) is among the most prevalent chronic liver disorders worldwide. Tomato-derived lycopene has received considerable attention as a functional bioactive compound due to its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on molecular pathways associated with FLD progression. Nevertheless, an integrated assessment of lycopene sources, chemistry, extraction technologies, stability, and functional efficacy remains limited. Lycopene bioavailability is restricted by its lipophilic nature and instability during food processing and gastrointestinal digestion. Degradation pathways including photo-oxidation, thermal trans-cis isomerization, and oxidative cleavage are intensified during high-temperature drying (>70 °C), prolonged storage, light exposure, and oxygen-rich processing conditions, resulting in reduced stability and biological activity. Advanced emerging delivery systems such as nanoencapsulation, nanoemulsions, and lipid-based carriers have shown promising improvements in lycopene protection, absorption, and efficacy. Future approaches including biofortification, personalized nutrition, and synergistic formulations may support the development of innovative functional foods for FLD prevention and management.