Evolution of mechanical ventilation of the newborn infant.

Artificial ventilation of the newborn infant is the foundation of neonatology. Early practitioners included pediatricians, anesthesiologists, cardiologists, respiratory therapists, and engineers. The discovery of surfactant, followed by the death of Patrick Kennedy, jump-started the new area, with investment and research rapidly expanding. The ever more complex design of mechanical ventilators necessitated a more thorough understanding of newborn pulmonary physiology in order to provide support with minimal associated injury. This piece briefly reviews and highlights this history.