Association Between Motor Subtype and Visuospatial and Executive Function in Mild-Moderate Parkinson Disease.

OBJECTIVE

To compare participants with Parkinson disease (PD) motor subtypes, postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD) (n=46) and tremor dominant (TD) (n=28), in cognitive and motor-cognitive assessments with the purpose of identifying associations between subtype and visuospatial, whole-body spatial, inhibition and/or switching, and planning and/or organizational aspects of cognitive and motor-cognitive function.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study. Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables, while 2-sample independent t tests were used to analyze continuous variables.

SETTING

Assessments took place at Emory University.

PARTICIPANTS

Participants (N=72) were 40 years and older, had a clinical diagnosis of PD, exhibited 3 of the 4 cardinal signs of PD, had shown benefit from antiparkinsonian medications, and were in Hoehn and Yahr stages I-IV. Participants could walk 3 m or more with or without assistance.

INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Balance and mobility tests included Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale and the time needed to turn 360 degrees. Cognitive assessments included Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Brooks Spatial Memory Task, Color-Word Interference Test, Tower of London, Trail Making Test, Corsi Blocks, Serial 3s Subtraction, and Body Position Spatial Task. Motor-cognitive function measures included Four Square Step Test and Timed Up and Go.

RESULTS

Participants with PIGD performed lower than those with TD symptoms on mental status (P=.005), spatial memory (P=.027), executive function (P=.0001-.034), and visuospatial ability (P=.048).

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest that PIGD subtype is linked to greater deficits in spatial cognition, attentional flexibility and organizational planning, and whole-body spatial memory domains. These findings support the need for more personalized approaches to clinically managing PD.