Dynamic Biomass-Based Hydrogel with Dual pH/Glucose Responsiveness for Controlled Nitric Oxide Release and Diabetic Wound Healing.

Chronic diabetic wounds remain a major clinical challenge due to persistent hyperglycemia and prolonged inflammation, which severely impairs tissue regeneration. Therefore, wound dressings capable of dynamically interacting with the local microenvironment and adapting their structure and function to pathological cues are urgently needed. Inspired by a Jenga-style hierarchical assembly concept, we developed a biomass-based multifunctional hydrogel network constructed through Schiff base bonding, metal-polyphenol complexation, and hydrogen bonding, forming a multilevel dynamic cross-linking architecture with dual pH/glucose responsiveness. This structure enabled self-adaptive reconstruction and controlled release of nitric oxide (NO), thereby exerting synergistic antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and proangiogenic effects. In a full-thickness diabetic rat wound model, it accelerated wound closure by promoting epithelial regeneration, collagen deposition, and neovascularization. Overall, this work established a regulatory mechanism based on microenvironment recognition, structural response, and therapeutic release and provided a novel bioinspired strategy for the design of precision hydrogels for chronic wound repair.