Silent struggles: a machine learning approach for predicting suicidal ideation based on crisis symptoms and childhood trauma in Saudi adolescents.

BACKGROUND

Adolescent suicide is a significant public health concern, with rising rates globally and increasing psychological distress among youth. Despite its significance, limited research in Saudi Arabia has explored the combined impact of acute emotional crises and childhood trauma on suicidal ideation, particularly using machine learning approach.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to identify key psychological and trauma-related predictors of suicidal ideation among Saudi adolescents. It specifically examined the role of Suicidal Crisis Syndrome symptoms and childhood maltreatment experiences using both correlational and machine learning approaches.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 583 Saudi adolescents aged 13–18 years, using convenience sampling. Participants completed a battery of validated self-report instruments: the Suicide Crisis Inventory, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire–Short Form, and the Okasha Suicidality Scale. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and variable importance analysis via machine learning, in particular a random forest classifier, were used to identify the strongest predictors of suicidal ideation.

RESULTS

Emotional pain, entrapment, and panic dissociation were the most significant predictors of suicidal ideation. Childhood trauma variables—particularly emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and emotional neglect—also showed strong positive correlations with suicidal ideation. Adolescents from divorced families and those in high school reported significantly higher suicidal ideation scores. The random forest model confirmed emotional pain and entrapment as top predictors.

CONCLUSIONS

Suicidal ideation among Saudi adolescents is strongly influenced by both acute emotional crisis symptoms and histories of childhood trauma. These findings highlight the need for early screening of suicidal crisis markers and trauma-informed mental health interventions in school and clinical settings. Culturally sensitive strategies that integrate emotional, developmental, and family-based factors are essential for effective suicide prevention among adolescents.