Spatial and Environmental Drivers of Summer Growth Variability and Adaptive Mechanisms of Euphausia crystallorophias in the Amundsen Sea and Its Adjacent Regions.

Ice krill (Euphausia crystallorophias) play a key role in the Antarctic coastal ecosystem, yet its spatial growth variability remains poorly understood. This study examined 5298 krill individuals from 52 stations across the Amundsen Sea, transitional waters, and the Ross Sea, collected between 2020 and 2024. Length-weight relationships (LWR) were constructed to derive the condition factor a and the allometric growth exponent b, followed by regional comparisons and environmental response analyses using boxplots, redundancy analysis (RDA), and generalized additive models (GAM). Boxplots revealed that a was significantly higher in the Amundsen Sea and transitional zone than in the Ross Sea, while b was highest and most variable in the Amundsen Sea. RDA indicated that a was primarily associated with depth, latitude, mean temperature, and mean salinity, whereas b was influenced by sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, sea ice concentration, and longitude. GAM further showed nonlinear responses of a to mean temperature, mean salinity, and depth, with peaks near -0.5 °C, 34.2 PSU, and 3500 m, respectively. These results suggest that krill in deep, cold, and less-productive transitional zone allocate more energy to body condition (high value a), while those in warmer, moderately productive regions like the Amundsen Sea invest more in structural growth (high value b). This study provides new insights into the environmentally driven growth strategies of ice krill and contributes to understanding its ecological adaptability under changing climatic and oceanographic conditions.