Catalytic conversion of methane to methanol: recent advances in MOF-based catalysts, oxidant strategies, and process optimization.

The conversion of methane to methanol through selective oxidation has attracted considerable attention as an eco-friendly method for utilizing natural gas and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This review offers an in-depth examination of catalytic methods for methane oxidation, with special emphasis on the latest developments relating to catalysts based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The discussion covers the function of MOFs as catalysts, their structural benefits, and the integration of nanoparticles (NPs), including both monometallic and bimetallic NP@MOF systems, to boost catalytic performance. Additionally, traditional catalysts such as supported monometallic and bimetallic catalysts, which include noble and transition metals, are evaluated for their effectiveness in oxidizing methane. The review also investigates various oxidants used in the conversion of methane to methanol, focusing on oxygen-based systems. Moreover, different reactor setups used for methane oxidation, especially hydrothermal reactors, are assessed for their operational efficiency. Parameters for optimization, such as reaction time, temperature, pressure, pH, and water content, are discussed to provide insights into enhancing methanol selectivity and yield. By incorporating recent progress relating to catalytic materials, reactor design, and optimization strategies, this review aims to present a thorough perspective on the current status and future prospects of methane-to-methanol conversion technologies.