Journal of ethnopharmacology · 2025
Qingyu Yangjing formula ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced oligoasthenospermia by regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and inhibiting testicular oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats.
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Li Xiran, Qin Lingrui, Sun Yicheng, Zou Kaiping, Zhao Chenguang, Xiao Mengqing, Yan Shihai, Zhang Xing, Shen Ye, Tian Liyuan, Liu Shun
Аннотация
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Qingyu Yangjing Formula (QYYJF), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is a classic herbal formula for the treatment of oligoasthenospermia (OAS) and has significant clinical efficacy in nourishing the kidney and replenishing sperm. However, its chemical components remain unclear, and the therapeutic mechanisms of QYYJF in OAS remain elusive.
AIMS OF STUDY: To characterize the chemical prototype components of QYYJF absorbed into the blood and elucidate its therapeutic effects on OAS in rats.
METHOD: ology: To identify the absorbed prototype compounds, serum samples were collected from rats after 5 days of QYYJF administration (11.55 g/kg) and analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Forty male rats were intraperitoneally injected (40 mg/kg) with cyclophosphamide (CP) for 5 days to establish an OAS, followed by 14 days of treatment with QYYJF at low, medium, and high doses (5.77, 11.55, and 17.32 g/kg/d, respectively). Sperm quality was assessed using a Makler counting chamber. Serum hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis hormones, testicular oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histopathological changes were observed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and the levels of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl2, Bax, cleaved Caspase-3, and cleaved Caspase-9) were analyzed using western blotting (WB).
RESULTS: A total of 515 prototype components were detected in the serum. Of these, 25 were structurally identified, primarily comprising flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, phenylpropanoids, and lactones. CP-induced OAS rats showed significantly reduced testicular weight, testicular index, sperm density and motility, disrupted HPG axis hormones, elevated oxidative stress, and increased inflammatory cytokines. HE results revealed severe structural damage in testicular tissue, along with increased apoptosis-related protein expression. QYYJF treatment ameliorated these alterations, improving sperm quality, restoring hormonal balance, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and suppressing testicular apoptosis.
CONCLUSIONS: CP impaired spermatogenesis by disrupting the HPG axis balance and inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. QYYJF exerted a therapeutic effect against OAS by restoring HPG axis function, alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation, and inhibiting testicular cell apoptosis.
AIMS OF STUDY: To characterize the chemical prototype components of QYYJF absorbed into the blood and elucidate its therapeutic effects on OAS in rats.
METHOD: ology: To identify the absorbed prototype compounds, serum samples were collected from rats after 5 days of QYYJF administration (11.55 g/kg) and analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Forty male rats were intraperitoneally injected (40 mg/kg) with cyclophosphamide (CP) for 5 days to establish an OAS, followed by 14 days of treatment with QYYJF at low, medium, and high doses (5.77, 11.55, and 17.32 g/kg/d, respectively). Sperm quality was assessed using a Makler counting chamber. Serum hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis hormones, testicular oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Histopathological changes were observed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and the levels of apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl2, Bax, cleaved Caspase-3, and cleaved Caspase-9) were analyzed using western blotting (WB).
RESULTS: A total of 515 prototype components were detected in the serum. Of these, 25 were structurally identified, primarily comprising flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, phenylpropanoids, and lactones. CP-induced OAS rats showed significantly reduced testicular weight, testicular index, sperm density and motility, disrupted HPG axis hormones, elevated oxidative stress, and increased inflammatory cytokines. HE results revealed severe structural damage in testicular tissue, along with increased apoptosis-related protein expression. QYYJF treatment ameliorated these alterations, improving sperm quality, restoring hormonal balance, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and suppressing testicular apoptosis.
CONCLUSIONS: CP impaired spermatogenesis by disrupting the HPG axis balance and inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. QYYJF exerted a therapeutic effect against OAS by restoring HPG axis function, alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation, and inhibiting testicular cell apoptosis.