Chromothripsis and telomere crisis: engines of genome instability.

In the early stages of carcinogenesis cells confront two key suppressive checkpoints; senescence and telomere crisis. Telomere crisis is characterized by massive chromosomal instability and cell death. The genetic instability initiated during crisis leaves detectable scars on cancer genomes, the full scope of which is only just beginning to be appreciated. In particular, the dramatic genome reshuffling phenomenon chromothripsis has been mechanistically linked to the resolution of DNA bridges formed by dicentric chromosomes, and by the shattering of DNA inside micronuclei. Furthermore, an intriguing connection to innate immune signaling has begun to position telomere crisis as a crucial stage not only in the evolution of the cancer genome, but also in the interaction between the genome and the immune system.