Post-translational modifications: Principal regulators of bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer (BCa) is among the most prevalent neoplasms of the urinary and reproductive systems, ranking ninth in overall cancer incidence. Existing treatment modalities have not yet achieved a reduction in the elevated incidence and fatality rates of BCa. Consequently, enhancing our comprehension of the molecular pathways involved in the onset and progression of BCa to formulate novel and successful therapeutic strategies is a prominent area of research. Post-translational modifications (PTMs), essential regulators of protein structure, function, and diverse biological processes, play pivotal roles in key oncogenic mechanisms in BCa. These mechanisms include tumor cell proliferation, development, metastasis, and, in particular, angiogenesis.This article explores the carcinogenic impacts of diverse PTMs on BCa and examines their prospective applications in the diagnosis and treatment of BCa.