Combined Cardiopulmonary Assessments Using Impedance and Digital Implants in Conscious Freely Moving Cynomolgus Monkeys, Beagle Dogs, and Göttingen Minipigs: Pharmacological Characterization and Social Housing Effects.

Respiratory monitoring, using impedance with implanted telemetry in socially housed animals, was not possible until the recent development of digital signal transmission. The objective of this study was to evaluate digital telemetry monitoring of cardiopulmonary parameters (respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, electrocardiography (DII), systemic arterial blood pressure, physical activity, and body temperature) in conscious, single-housed, non-rodent species commonly used in toxicology studies following administration of positive/negative controls (saline, dexmedetomidine, morphine, amphetamine, and doxapram), and also, the effects of various social housing arrangements in untreated female and/or male cynomolgus monkeys, Beagle dogs, and Göttingen minipigs (n = 4 per species). Aggressions were observed in socially housed male minipigs, however, which prevented pair-housed assessments in this species. All tested pharmacological agents significantly altered more than one organ system, highlighting important inter-organ dependencies when analyzing functional endpoints. Stress-related physiological changes were observed with single-housing or pair-housing with a new cage mate in cynomolgus monkeys and Beagle dogs, suggesting that stable social structures are preferable to limit variability, especially around dosing. Concomitant monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory parameters from the same animals may help reduce the number of animals (3 Rs) needed to fulfill the S7A guidelines and allows for identification of organ system functional correlations. Globally, the data support the use of social housing in non-rodents for safety pharmacology multi-organ system (heart and lungs) monitoring investigations.