History of surgery of the esophagus.

The progress of esophageal surgery from the beginning of medical history through five historical eras, up to the second half of the 20th century, is reviewed. Progress was slow from the first surgical repair of the esophagus in ancient Egypt in 2500 B.C. until the end of the 19th century, when scientific discoveries made possible the solid beginnings of abdominal surgery. Thoracic surgery followed in the 20th century, with rapid strides in World War II. These wartime advances stimulated an interest in esophageal surgery in the postwar era, when operative techniques became well standardized and surgery of the esophagus was placed on a par with that of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Because of the limitations of time and space, much important material has had to be left out. Yet it is hoped that this brief historical overview will put in perspective the important advances of the second half of this century, which will be presented by our distinguished speakers. It has been a privilege for me to have had a part in the development of this type of surgery and to share these ideas with you.