Continuous Measurement of Spatially Resolved Red Blood Cell Aggregation Using Multiple Side-Branch Channels.

Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation is an important hemorheological property that influences blood viscosity, microcirculation, and stored-blood quality. However, conventional measurements commonly require repeated flow cessation or flow-rate modulation, limiting continuous monitoring and providing little information on spatial heterogeneity. This study presents a microfluidic platform for the spatiotemporal mapping of RBC aggregation during continuous blood flow. Multiple high-resistance side chambers connected to a main channel create low-shear-rate regions for aggregation while maintaining high shear in the main channel for RBC disaggregation. Flow rates and shear rates are evaluated using a hydraulic circuit model, numerical simulation, and micro-PIV measurements. An aggregation index (AI) map is introduced to quantify spatial and temporal changes in the side chambers. AI remains high and stable at flow rates of 0.5~1 mL/h. RBC aggregation increases significantly at concentrations of 15 mg/mL or with more dextran solution (Cdex). At the selected flow rate of 1 mL/h and Cdex = 40 mg/mL, the 95% confidence interval of AI is 0.477~0.600 for the proposed method, compared with 0.364~0.460 for the previous method. The proposed AI value is approximately 30% higher than that obtained using the previous method. Moreover, AI decreases progressively during four weeks of RBC storage. These findings demonstrate continuous and multiple-location detection of RBC aggregation and support the use of this platform for assessing hemorheological alterations and storage-induced RBC deterioration.