Optical noise suppression in epitaxial quantum dot lasers on silicon under mutual injection locking.

Corticosteroids have long been a cornerstone in the management of many pediatric neurological disorders. However, their broad immunomodulatory effects raise concerns in the era of precision medicine, where more targeted approaches are increasingly favored, warranting a critical reappraisal of their roles in pediatric neurology. Of particular importance is the possibility that corticosteroids may potentiate components of the innate immune responses and thereby exacerbate neuroinflammation. Accordingly, disease-specific immunopathogenesis should be considered in therapeutic decision-making. The potential for adverse effects, especially with long-term use, remains a major consideration and underscores the need for careful risk-benefit analysis. Several therapeutic innovations, including selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (such as vamorolone) and intra-erythrocyte dexamethasone delivery, have shown promising safety profiles in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and ataxia telangiectasia, respectively. Beyond the well-established role of corticosteroids in infantile epileptic spasms syndrome, recent evidence suggests that corticosteroids may benefit a substantial proportion of patients with various forms of epilepsy that are resistant to conventional antiseizure medications. Further research is warranted to define the optimal use of corticosteroids with respect to dosing, formulation, timing, and route of administration in various pediatric neurological disorders.