The cow in endocrine focus before and after calving.

During the period 1 month before and 1 month after parturition in the cow, several events take place. The dam has to be prepared for the impending parturition and the uterus and ovaries must return to a certain stage to be prepared for a new pregnancy. Most of these processes are due to or reflected in endocrine changes. A special interest is of course the status of the foetus --"foetal well being". The processes could either be considered as normal in a clinical perspective or as impaired (dystocia, small calves, stillbirth, retained foetal membranes, etc.). The main question for this presentation is if normal and impaired performance could be mirrored in endocrine parameters. Many studies have been performed to follow endocrine changes during the periparturient period in the cow. The following parameters have been shown to be the most important and seem to be the most suitable for an endocrine supervision: Endocrine parameter: progesterone; parameter of: corpus luteum, maternal adrenals, placenta. Endocrine parameter: prostaglandin (PG) metabolite; parameter of: placenta, uterus, inflammation. Endocrine parameter: cortisol; parameter of: regulator of prostaglandin synthesis, stress. Endocrine parameter: free oestrogens; parameter of: placenta, ovaries. Endocrine parameter: oestrone sulphate; parameter of: placenta, calf weight. Endocrine parameter: pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAG); parameter of: placenta.