The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2026
Bioactive Profiling of Achillea millefolium L. Growing in Kashmir: A Study on Its Phytochemical and LC-MS Analysis, Antioxidant Properties, and Antimicrobial and Molecular Docking Analysis.
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Paul Zahid Ahmad, Mir Reyaz Hassan, Malla Aamir Tariq, Adnan Mohd, Patel Mitesh, Kumar Reetesh, Wani Shahid Ud Din, Zargar Mohammed Iqbal, Masoodi Mubashir Hussain
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Achillea millefolium L. (yarrow) is one of the oldest known medicinal plants recognized for properties, such as wound healing, fever, common cold, liver problems, nosebleeding, toothache, and headache. Yarrow, being native to Europe, grows wild in the whole of Asia, Northern Europe, and North America and also occurs wild in Kashmir.
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Achillea millefolium L. (AM), focusing on its ethanolic extract and its fractions (hexane and ethyl acetate).
METHODS: The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The extract and its fractions (hexane and ethyl acetate) were evaluated for antimicrobial activity by the agar well diffusion method. Additionally, LC-MS was employed to analyze the chemical composition of the ethyl acetate fraction, and molecular docking studies were conducted to understand its mechanisms of action.
RESULTS: The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 199.12 (μg/mL), antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, ZOI = 14.74 ± 0.16, and antifungal activity against C. neoformans 34.70 ± 0.58. LC-MS identified key compounds, including diosmin, pelargonin, and epicatechin. From the docking analysis, the highest binding affinity was monitored in the cases of diosmin with -10.7 kcal, followed by pelargonin (-9.3 kcal) and epicatechin (-8.6 kcal) with the EF-TU complex protein.
CONCLUSION: In summary, this study highlights the antioxidant and antimicrobial capabilities of Achillea millefolium L. These findings will establish the groundwork for bioassay-guided separation of bioactive components that could serve as leads for future research to combat diseases caused by microbes that are resistant to drugs.
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Achillea millefolium L. (AM), focusing on its ethanolic extract and its fractions (hexane and ethyl acetate).
METHODS: The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using reducing power and DPPH radical scavenging assays. The extract and its fractions (hexane and ethyl acetate) were evaluated for antimicrobial activity by the agar well diffusion method. Additionally, LC-MS was employed to analyze the chemical composition of the ethyl acetate fraction, and molecular docking studies were conducted to understand its mechanisms of action.
RESULTS: The ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 199.12 (μg/mL), antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, ZOI = 14.74 ± 0.16, and antifungal activity against C. neoformans 34.70 ± 0.58. LC-MS identified key compounds, including diosmin, pelargonin, and epicatechin. From the docking analysis, the highest binding affinity was monitored in the cases of diosmin with -10.7 kcal, followed by pelargonin (-9.3 kcal) and epicatechin (-8.6 kcal) with the EF-TU complex protein.
CONCLUSION: In summary, this study highlights the antioxidant and antimicrobial capabilities of Achillea millefolium L. These findings will establish the groundwork for bioassay-guided separation of bioactive components that could serve as leads for future research to combat diseases caused by microbes that are resistant to drugs.