TiO2 Nanoparticles-Incorporated PCL/Gelatin Nanocomposite Fibers for Enhanced Biocompatibility and Reduced Foreign Body Response.

The foreign body response (FBR) is a major hurdle in the success of biomedical implants, often leading to persistent inflammation and eventual rejection. Developing biomaterials that can minimize immune reactions while supporting tissue healing is essential. In this study, nanocomposite fibers composed of polycaprolactone (PCL) and gelatin, reinforced with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles, were fabricated using electrospinning. The fibers were evaluated for their morphology, structural properties, and mechanical strength using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and a universal testing machine (UTM). In vitro cytocompatibility was assessed using the MTT assay on L929 fibroblast cells. For in vivo analysis, subcutaneous implantation was carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats, followed by histological examination at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. The fibers displayed good mechanical properties, a uniform surface morphology, and a consistent structure. The in vitro results indicated high cell viability with no signs of toxicity. In vivo studies revealed reduced macrophage accumulation and enhanced fibroblast activity, indicating a favorable immune response and tissue integration. TiO2-incorporated PCL/gelatin nanocomposite fibers demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, minimal immune reaction, and effective tissue response, highlighting their potential as advanced materials for biomedical implant applications.