Long non-coding RNAs in triple-negative breast cancer: emerging drivers of tumor biology, prognosis, and drug resistance.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents a highly aggressive and therapeutically challenging subtype of breast cancer, characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 expression. Recent advances in transcriptomics have highlighted the pivotal role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of gene expression, tumor progression and therapeutic resistance in TNBC. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the functional mechanisms of lncRNAs in TNBC, including their involvement in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immune modulation and metabolic reprogramming. We discuss key lncRNAs implicated in TNBC pathogenesis and their potential as diagnostic biomarkers, prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets. By elucidating the complex interplay between lncRNAs and oncogenic pathways, this review underscores the promise of lncRNA-based strategies in improving TNBC management and patient outcomes.