Moringa oleifera: an updated review of its composition and protective mechanisms in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer.

Obesity, a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cancer, frequently co-occurs due to shared mechanistic pathways. Since 1990, global obesity prevalence has more than tripled, with projections indicating continued increases by 2050. In this context, Moringa oleifera (MO), known for its rich nutritional profile, shows considerable promise as a potential therapeutic intervention. The beneficial effects of MO in obesity, T2D, and cancer are likely mediated through multiple interconnected mechanisms involving antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and gut microbiota-modulating activities. Bioactive constituents present in its seeds, leaves, and pods may suppress pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with insulin resistance and adipocyte dysfunction, while also altering gut microbial composition by increasing beneficial bacteria and reducing harmful. These changes may enhance the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and other beneficial metabolites, improve insulin sensitivity, decrease free bile acid solubility, facilitate protein breakdown into peptides and amino acids, and support colonic proliferation. Collectively, these mechanisms may contribute to the regulation of metabolic and signaling pathways relevant to the prevention and management of obesity, T2D, and cancer. Given these promising findings, it is crucial to examine the studies published between 2020 and 2025 to assess the composition, underlying mechanisms, and gaps between scientific evidence and real-world applications. The findings indicate that consumption of MO may reduce the risk of these diseases; however, well-designed clinical trials with larger sample sizes and standardized protocols are required to confirm these effects. Future studies should further clarify the individual and synergistic roles of MO bioactive components, including proteins, fibres, and phenolic acids, in disease prevention and management.