Carbon dot based topical application for therapy of phosphorus oxide-induced cutaneous burns.

White phosphorus and phosphorus oxide (PO) burns combine thermal and chemical injury, causing deep, progressive necrosis and systemic inflammation. This study evaluated whether carbon dots (CDs) synthesized from citric acid and urea can improve healing of PO-induced skin burns and reduce systemic damage. CDs showed broad antimicrobial activity, most pronounced against Staphylococcus aureus. Application of CD-containing dressings stabilized burn progression, preventing early aggravation and excessive edema, while promoting transient epithelial proliferation during the first week post-burn. Systemically, CDs normalized elevated white blood cell and neutrophil counts, restored lymphocyte balance, and suppressed IL-6 elevation, confirming anti-inflammatory action. They also mitigated erythrocyte loss and anemia development without affecting liver or kidney function. Overall, CD topical application demonstrated antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective effects, moderating PO burn progression and supporting balanced wound repair. These findings identify carbon dots as a promising multifunctional platform for the treatment of complex chemical-thermal skin injuries.