(Bio)Electroanalysis of Tetracyclines: Recent Developments.

Tetracyclines (TCs) are antibiotics used extensively in medicine, veterinary science, and animal husbandry. Their overuse and the widespread presence of their residues in the environment contribute to intensifying the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance (ABR). The efforts are being made to reduce the spread of antibiotics and control the phenomenon of ABR, and one of the key methods is monitoring the presence of antibiotic residues in the environment and food of animal origin. Herein, we provide the overview of the recent developments in electrochemical (bio)sensing of tetracyclines in different types of samples. The review presents a comprehensive view of such aspects of the practical (bio)sensor application as sample preparation, the reusability of (bio)sensors, and the possibility of determining antibiotics at levels required by regulations. Advances, existing challenges, and future trends in the development of novel (bio)electrochemical methods of tetracycline quantification were discussed.