Extensor mechanism ruptures.

Native patellar tendon injuries are seen in younger patients compared to quadriceps tendon ruptures. Up to a third of the patients may have local (antecedent tendinopathy and cortisone injections) or systemic risk factors (obesity, diabetes, hyperparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, fluoroquinolone or statin use) of injury, these are more frequent in bilateral disruptions. Complete extensor mechanism disruptions should be repaired surgically. Although isolated primary repair has been reported to have good outcomes in younger patients with acute tears and good tendon quality, augmentation of the repair with autograft, allograft or synthetic material should be considered in patients with poor tendon quality, chronic tears or tendon defects. High rates of return to work/sports have been reported in native patellar and quadriceps tendon tears, with re-rupture rates <5%. Extensor mechanism disruptions in patients with a total knee arthroplasty are challenging due to older age, systemic co-morbidities and poor local conditions, resulting in inferior outcomes compared to native extensor mechanism injuries. Some form of augmentation with autograft, allograft or synthetics is advisable in all cases. Salvage procedures such as whole extensor mechanism allografts provide acceptable outcomes in multiply operated knees with extensive bone and soft tissue deficits.