Violence against women during pregnancy and its dimensions in COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the prevalence of violence against pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic based on the available evidence. Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched. All published observational articles from December 2019 to December 2022 were assessed by two independent authors using the "violence, pregnancy, COVID-19" keywords. The quality appraisal of primary studies conducted using the Newcastle - Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale checklist and 10 eligible articles were included in this review. After reviewing the articles, the prevalence of violence among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic was estimated to be 23% [95% confidence interval (CI) =18 to 29%] using the random effect model. Of them, 59% (95% CI = 13 to 105%) was attributed to verbal-behavioral violence, 30% (95% CI = 17 to 42%) emotional violence, 14% (95% CI = 8 to 20%) sexual violence, and 11% physical violence (95% CI = 6 to 17%). The results indicated that the violence prevalence among pregnant women was not different during and before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the behavioral-verbal, emotional, physical, and sexual violence were the most common forms of violence.