Journal of affective disorders · 2026
Meal Timing Jetlag is associated with anxiety, depressive and insomnia symptoms in a French-speaking online cohort: A cross-sectional analysis of ALIMENTAL 2.
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Fond Guillaume, Coelho Julien, Stubbs Brendon, Yon Dong Keon, Achour Yannis, Akbaraly Tasnime, Aouizerate Bruno, Boulot Lou, Cappuccio Francesco P, Capuron Lucile, Iceta Sylvain, Lucas Guillaume, Manfredini Roberto, Marx Wolfgang, Micoulaud-Franchi Jean-Arthur, Pigazzani Filippo, Rahmati Masoud, Tran Bach Xuan, Boyer Laurent, Taillard Jacques, Berk Michael
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Chrono-nutrition - when, not only what, one eats relative to circadian timing - is an emerging determinant of mental health. We tested whether Meal Timing Jetlag (MTJL), the workday-to-free-day discordance in eating schedules, is associated with anxiety (primary outcome) and with depressive and insomnia symptoms (secondary), independently of sleep-based circadian misalignment.
METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of the ALIMENTAL 2 French-speaking online cohort (n = 2945). Sleep timing was assessed with the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire and meal timing with a Food Timing Screener. Outcomes were the GAD-7 (anxiety), CES-D (depression) and ISI (insomnia). Multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, unemployment, financial difficulty and shift work, with dose-response, logistic and BMI-stratified sensitivity analyses.
RESULTS: In the primary model (n = 2817), MTJL was independently associated with anxiety (β = +0.47/h, 95% CI [0.14, 0.79], p = 0.005). The relationship was J-shaped (non-linearity p = 0.020; slope above 1 h + 1.03/h, p < 0.001). MTJL was also associated with depressive symptoms (β = +1.81, 95% CI [1.00, 2.61], p < 0.001) and insomnia severity (β = +0.90, 95% CI [0.47, 1.33], p < 0.001). Sleep-based circadian phase and sleep social jetlag were not. The per-hour anxiety effect is modest (≈12% of the GAD-7 minimal clinically important difference).
LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional design cannot establish causality; reverse causation cannot be excluded. The cohort was online and 80% female, limiting generalisability.
CONCLUSIONS: Meal-timing regularity may be a candidate behavioural correlate of anxiety, depression and insomnia, warranting longitudinal and interventional confirmation before any clinical recommendation.
METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of the ALIMENTAL 2 French-speaking online cohort (n = 2945). Sleep timing was assessed with the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire and meal timing with a Food Timing Screener. Outcomes were the GAD-7 (anxiety), CES-D (depression) and ISI (insomnia). Multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, unemployment, financial difficulty and shift work, with dose-response, logistic and BMI-stratified sensitivity analyses.
RESULTS: In the primary model (n = 2817), MTJL was independently associated with anxiety (β = +0.47/h, 95% CI [0.14, 0.79], p = 0.005). The relationship was J-shaped (non-linearity p = 0.020; slope above 1 h + 1.03/h, p < 0.001). MTJL was also associated with depressive symptoms (β = +1.81, 95% CI [1.00, 2.61], p < 0.001) and insomnia severity (β = +0.90, 95% CI [0.47, 1.33], p < 0.001). Sleep-based circadian phase and sleep social jetlag were not. The per-hour anxiety effect is modest (≈12% of the GAD-7 minimal clinically important difference).
LIMITATIONS: The cross-sectional design cannot establish causality; reverse causation cannot be excluded. The cohort was online and 80% female, limiting generalisability.
CONCLUSIONS: Meal-timing regularity may be a candidate behavioural correlate of anxiety, depression and insomnia, warranting longitudinal and interventional confirmation before any clinical recommendation.