Comprehensive economic impact assessment of regional shipping emissions: A case study of Shanghai, China.

Shipping emissions have a direct negative impact on the ecological environment, residents' health and social economy of port cities. However, the relevant literature seldom focuses on the quantitative analysis of economic losses. A Regional CGE (RCGE) model with shipping emissions and diffusion is constructed to evaluate the comprehensive economic impact on Shanghai in this paper. It is found that: (1) the direct economic loss caused by shipping emissions to Shanghai is about RMB 1.017 billion, of which SO2, NOx, PM2.5 and PM10 are 0.2587 billion, 0.2776 billion, 0.2057 billion and 0.2304 billion respectively. (2) the GDP changes under three scenarios of economic loss, environmental protection investment and pollution taxes are -0.07 %, -0.02 %, and - 0.014 % respectively in 2019. (3) some factors, such as innovation of shipping emission technology and optimization of energy structure, will not only reduce shipping pollutant emissions but also promote the coordinated development of environment, economy and society.