Management of traumatic brain injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome-What evidence exists? A scoping review.

INTRODUCTION

Up to 20% of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is associated with increased odds of mortality. Guideline-based treatment for ARDS includes "lung protective" ventilation strategies, some of which are in opposition to "brain protective" strategies used for ventilation with patients with TBI. We conducted a scoping review of ventilation management strategies with clinical outcomes among patients with TBI and ARDS.

METHODS

We searched three databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science) using a systematic search strategy. We included any studies of patients with TBI and ARDS with ventilation strategies including PEEP, oxygenation, prone positioning, recruitment maneuvers, pulmonary vasodilators (e.g., nitric oxide), high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). All clinical outcomes were included. Extracted data included details about sample (age, gender), study design, inclusion/exclusion criteria, intervention details, and outcomes.

RESULTS

The search returned 10,514 articles, 35 of which met final inclusion criteria. Interventions studied included ECMO (n = 13 articles), HFOV (n = 4), PEEP interventions (n = 3), prone positioning (n = 3), vasodilators (n = 4), and other lung recruitment maneuvers (n = 9). No randomized controlled trials were identified; studies were mostly case reports (n = 18/35, 51%) and series (n = 7/35, 20%), with some cohort studies (n = 5/35, 14%) and non-randomized experimental trials (n = 5/35, 14%), all at single institutions. Outcomes included physiologic changes (e.g., change in cerebrodynamics or hemodynamics with intervention) and clinical outcomes such as mortality, complications, or neurologic recovery. Five studies (14%) included pediatric patients.

DISCUSSION: In this scoping review of ventilatory strategies for patients with concurrent TBI and ARDS, we found variation in heterogeneity of study design, interventions, and outcomes. Studies were mostly case report/series and observational studies, seriously limiting our ability to draw conclusions about effectiveness of interventions. Targeted areas of further research are discussed.