Kidney Transplantation in Congenital Abnormalities of Kidney and Urinary Tract (CAKUT).

Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are a common cause of chronic kidney disease in children. Most patients will reach end-stage renal function and dialysis or transplantation in childhood or early adulthood. Patients with CAKUT deserve a careful evaluation before a kidney transplant; detailed imaging and functional studies are necessary, particularly in the presence of lower urinary tract abnormalities, and surgical procedures are advisable in selected cases. A higher incidence of complications has been reported after a kidney transplant in CAKUT, mainly urinary tract infections. However, in the long term, the prognosis seems to be comparable to other kidney diseases. A large number of reports are available in the literature on medical and surgical management of patients with CAKUT before, during, and after a kidney transplant; almost all recommendations of surgical procedures before a kidney transplantation are based on retrospective not controlled studies or personal opinions; prospective controlled studies are needed. In this narrative, nonsystematic review, we report the results of recently published selected studies and underline questions that should be addressed in future guidelines.