Model of factors affecting self-management behaviors among pregnant women at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus, urban community in Bangkok: a structural equation modeling.

BACKGROUND: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy, which can impact maternal and fetal health. Effective self-management is crucial for controlling blood sugar levels and reducing complications during pregnancy. METHODS: This quantitative study used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships among the variables. The sample included 583 participants recruited through random sampling from two hospital groups in Bangkok: hospitals under the Medical Services Department (Central Hospital, Charoenkrung Pracharak Hospital, Sirindhorn Hospital, and Ratchaphiphat Hospital) with antenatal care clinics and Vajira Hospital under Navamindradhiraj University. RESULTS: Health literacy (β = 0.427,p < .001), social support (β = 0.271,p < .001), and health locus of control (β = 0.351,p < .001) were positively correlated with self-management. Health literacy was associated with social support (β = 0.851,p < .001), and social support was associated with health locus of control (β = 0.684,p < .001), indicating indirect influences. These findings highlight the need for interventions to enhance these factors and improve GDM management. CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasize the need for tailored healthcare interventions to improve GDM management and optimize the pregnancy outcomes. Fostering health literacy, social support, and a health locus of control is essential for empowering pregnant women with GDM to manage their condition effectively.