Upgrading of nitrate to hydrazine through cascading electrocatalytic ammonia production with controllable N-N coupling.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) play important roles in the nitrogen cycle system and serve as renewable nitrogen sources for the synthesis of value-added chemicals driven by clean electricity. However, it is challenging to achieve selective conversion of NOx to multi-nitrogen products (e.g., N2H4) via precise construction of a single N-N bond. Herein, we propose a strategy for NOx-to-N2H4 under ambient conditions, involving electrochemical NOx upgrading to NH3, followed by ketone-mediated NH3 to N2H4. It can achieve an impressive overall NOx-to-N2H4 selectivity of 88.7%. We elucidate mechanistic insights into the ketone-mediated N-N coupling process. Diphenyl ketone (DPK) emerges as an optimal mediator, facilitating controlled N-N coupling, owing to its steric and conjugation effects. The acetonitrile solvent stabilizes and activates key imine intermediates through hydrogen bonding. Experimental results reveal that Ph2CN* intermediates formed on WO3 catalysts acted as pivotal monomers to drive controlled N-N coupling with high selectivity, facilitated by lattice-oxygen-mediated dehydrogenation. Additionally, both WO3 catalysts and DPK mediators exhibit favorable reusability, offering promise for green N2H4 synthesis.