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Anemia is one of the most frequent pathologic conditions during pregnancy and puerperium. WHO define anemia according to blood hemoglobin levels. Severe anemia in pregnancy is associated with a higher risk of preterm birth and intrauterine retardation and other complications during pregnancy. It remains a major contributing factor to maternal morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy is a common disorder; even in countries with their favorable socioeconomic conditions. In the majority of cases, it is preexistent and can be aggravated during pregnancy. Even with optimal nutrition pregnancy is characterized by a negative iron balance. Defining the type of anemia is necessary for its adequate treatment.