The long-term immune response after HPV16 peptide vaccination in women with low-grade pre-malignant disorders of the uterine cervix: a placebo-controlled phase II study.

The capacity of a low-dose HPV16 synthetic long-peptide vaccine (HPV16-SLP) to induce an HPV16-specific T-cell response as well as to establish long-term immunologic memory in patients with low-grade abnormalities of the cervix was determined in a placebo-controlled, double-blinded phase II study. In addition, the effect of a booster vaccination after 1 year was evaluated. Patients received either the HPV16-SLP or a placebo at the start of the study. After 1 year, the vaccinated patients were again randomized to receive the HPV16-SLP or a placebo. Patients were followed for 2 years. HPV16-specific T-cell responses were determined in pre- and post-vaccination blood samples by ELISPOT, proliferation assay and cytokine assays. We show that the HPV16-specific T-cell responses detected after vaccination are clearly due to vaccination and that reactivity was maintained for at least 2 years. Interestingly, a booster vaccination after 1 year especially augmented the HPV16-specific Th2 response. Furthermore, pre-existing immunity to HPV16 was associated with a stronger response to vaccination and with more side effects, reflected by flu-like symptoms. We conclude that two low-dose injections of HPV16-SLP can induce a strong and stable HPV16-specific T-cell response that lasts for at least 1 year. If booster vaccination is required, then polarizing adjuvant should be added to maintain the Th1 focus of the vaccine-induced T-cell response.