The development of looming motion perception in infants: From blinking responses to BabyBCI.

This chapter reviews the development of looming motion perception in infancy, tracing the progression from early behavioral defensive behaviors, such as blinking, to contemporary EEG-based brain-computer interface approaches. Grounded in ecological optics, it examines how infants learn to detect approaching objects that signal impending collision and how this skill becomes increasingly refined with age and locomotor experience. Behavioral studies show that younger infants tend to rely on simpler cues, such as the visual angle of the approaching object, whereas older infants and crawlers increasingly use time-to-collision information for more accurate responses. High-density EEG studies extend these findings by revealing developmental changes in parieto-occipital brain activity, theta and alpha synchronization, and more efficient neural timing strategies. The chapter also highlights differences between full-term and preterm children, with preterm children showing poorer prospective control and delayed visual motion processing, resulting in sustained vulnerabilities in dorsal-stream function. Recent work further demonstrates that EEG-based BCI methods can detect infant perceptual responses to looming stimuli with promising classification accuracy, pointing toward future applications in early cognitive monitoring and intervention. Overall, the chapter presents looming perception as a powerful window into the developing perception-action system and a potential tool for identifying atypical developmental trajectories early.