Ankle sprains: evaluation, treatment, rehabilitation.

Ankle sprains are a common, costly, and potentially disabling problem. The proper history and physical examination will determine the need for radiological evaluation and treatment. Complications of ankle trauma like osteochondral fractures, peroneal tendon injuries, fracture of the os trigonum, synovial impingement, tarsal tunnel syndrome, Achilles tendon inflammation or rupture, and nerve injury are reviewed. The treatment of ankle sprains is based on the severity of the injury. Treatment begins with rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Casting and orthotics may be needed to facilitate healing. Primary rehabilitation, functional rehabilitation, and performance testing and the assessment of efficacy for each of these modalities are critical parts of proper treatment for ankle sprains.