Noninvasive respiratory support following extubation in preterm infants.

The use of noninvasive respiratory support is widespread in newborn infants with respiratory distress. As the use of noninvasive respiratory support has increased, so too have the number of modes available. Among these modes, low-flow nasal cannula and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) have been used for a long time and have known efficacy and safety in newborn infants needing respiratory support. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has been newly introduced, and its efficacy and safety are currently being investigated. Bilevel nasal continuous positive airway pressure and nasal intermittent positive-pressure ventilation are often used when NCPAP or HFNC therapy fails. More recently, noninvasive neurally adjusted ventilatory assist and noninvasive high-frequency oscillatory ventilation have been introduced, and their efficacy and safety are currently under evaluation. Comparison of the efficacy and safety among various modes of noninvasive respiratory support after extubation in preterm infants is helping to clarify the position of each mode. The clarification of the strength and characteristics of each device within the same mode will become important as a future direction of noninvasive respiratory support after extubation in such subjects. However, no research has yet reported on long-term outcomes in preterm infants receiving noninvasive respiratory support after extubation. Therefore, further research is needed to evaluate the long-term outcomes.