BiChemoCLAM: a weakly supervised multimodal framework for chemotherapy response prediction.

Chemotherapy is an important treatment for cancer patients, but it comes with risks. Therefore, effective chemotherapy response prediction is crucial. While whole slide image provides high-resolution insights into tumour environments, existing weakly supervised learning frameworks struggle to effectively integrate molecular data, such as gene expression, limiting their predictive power in complex chemotherapy response and small-sample scenarios. We present a bimodal chemotherapy response multi-instance learning framework, BiChemoCLAM, a novel multimodal deep learning framework that combines attention-driven multiple instance learning with multimodal compact bilinear pooling for interpretable and data-efficient chemotherapy response prediction. It achieves an Area Under Curve (AUC) of 80.91%, 71.68%, and 75.80% on ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, and bladder urothelial carcinoma cancer datasets, respectively. The experimental results show that BiChemoCLAM is an effective model for predicting response to chemotherapy.