Hydrogen Sulfide Production From Microbes: Mechanistic Understanding and Advancements.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as a crucial signaling molecule with profound physiological and pathological roles, sparking interest in its biotechnological production through microbial engineering. The potential applications of microbially produced H2S in medicine, agriculture, and industry have driven significant research advancements. This review comprehensively examines the latest developments in engineering microbes for H2S production. Key topics include genetic and metabolic engineering strategies that enhance H2S biosynthesis, innovative production methods, and practical applications of microbial H2S. Additionally, we address the technical and biological challenges faced in optimizing H2S production, such as maintaining microbial viability and ensuring controlled release. The review also explores future directions in the field, emphasizing the need for sustainable and efficient production systems, the potential for scalable industrial applications, and the integration of H2S-producing microbes in therapeutic and agricultural settings. Overall, this review provides a detailed overview of the current state and future prospects of H2S production, highlighting its significance in various biotechnological applications.