Apoptosis in macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells during early stages of infection by Legionella pneumophila and its role in cytopathogenicity.

The hallmark of Legionnaires' disease is intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila within cells in the alveolar spaces. Cytopathogenicity of this bacterium to the host cell has been well demonstrated, but the mechanisms of host cell death due to infection by L. pneumophila are not well understood. In this study, induction of apoptosis in macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells by L. pneumophila during early stages of infection was confirmed by using multiple criteria, including DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis, terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, surface exposure of phosphatidylserine, and cellular morphology by transmission electron microscopy. Induction of nuclear apoptosis in L. pneumophila-infected macrophages is mediated by activation of the caspase cascade death machinery. We provide genetic and biochemical evidence that L. pneumophila-induced apoptosis in macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells does not require intracellular bacterial replication or new protein synthesis. In addition, extracellular L. pneumophila is capable of inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, induction of apoptosis by L. pneumophila correlates with cytopathogenicity. We conclude that L. pneumophila-induced apoptosis in macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells plays an important role in cytopathogenicity to the host cell during early stages of infection.